A Selected Survey of the Muslim World
By Professor Mustafa Abu Sway
Introduction
This year has been one of unrelenting horror, marked by the grotesque daily imagery of mass violence: babies and children literally torn apart, civilians crushed beneath the rubble of their homes, starved, displaced, tortured, and raped. The indiscriminate bombings, the siege, and the blockade of Gaza have created a humanitarian disaster unparalleled in recent history. These brutal acts of inhumanity have been live-streamed and broadcast to the world in real-time, turning global suffering into a chilling spectacle, a brutal reality show. It is hard to imagine how the world can remain unchanged after such relentless displays of cruelty and suffering.
The Genocide in Gaza
The term “mowing the lawn” has been used by Israeli military officials to describe their repeated military campaigns in Gaza. These include:
- Operation Cast Lead (2008-2009) which led to the deaths of over 1,400 Palestinians, along with massive destruction of infrastructure.
- Operation Pillar of Defense (2012): This eight-day military campaign resulted in over 160 Palestinian deaths and widespread destruction.
- Operation Protective Edge (2014): This 50-day offensive resulted in more than 2,200 Palestinian deaths, including 500 children, and left large parts of Gaza in ruins.
- Periodic Escalations (2018-2021): numerous rounds of violence
The use of the term highlights the moral desensitization to the recurring violence in Gaza, where mass killings, the bombing of homes, places of worship, schools, and hospitals, and the displacement of thousands of people are spoken of in bureaucratic, almost flippant terms. Perhaps this partial background of the situation in Gaza can help people understand the complete dehumanisation of the Palestinian people by large segments of Israeli society and thus explain the horrors of what has happened this year.
The most significant event marking 2024 has been Israel’s ongoing onslaught on Gaza, which has escalated into a catastrophic humanitarian crisis. The Gaza Strip has witnessed a systematic assault, including massacres of civilians, predominantly women and children, the destruction of critical infrastructure such as universities, schools, hospitals, mosques, churches, bakeries, and water reservoirs. The deliberate targeting of these essential places has been compounded by the use of starvation as a political weapon, creating unlivable conditions and a humanitarian disaster unprecedented in the 21st century.
The conflict escalated on October 7, 2023, when Hamas (The Islamic Resistance Movement) and Islamic Jihad launched coordinated air, sea, and ground operations across Israel’s southern border. These actions resulted in the deaths of approximately 1,200 Israeli soldiers and civilians, while an estimated 240 Israelis were taken as hostages and prisoners of war. In retaliation, on October 27, Israel began its ground invasion of Gaza, with devastating consequences. Over the past year, more than 41,000 Palestinians have been killed (this is widely acknowledged to be a gross undercount of the true figure), with over 90,000 wounded. The overwhelming majority of the casualties are women and children, and thousands more are presumed to be buried under the rubble across Gaza.
Throughout the year, Iran-backed Shiite militant groups, including Hezbollah in Lebanon, the Islamic Resistance in Iraq, and the Houthis in Yemen, have launched attacks on Israeli targets in solidarity with Gaza. They demand that Israel end its onslaught on the Gaza Strip in order for them to stop their attacks. The Houthis, for example, have attacked shipping routes in the Red Sea, targeting vessels headed for Israel. They have also clashed with American warships that intervened to protect these routes, leading many ships to reroute via the Cape of Good Hope to avoid the volatile Red Sea region.
Meanwhile, in the West Bank, Israeli military operations have resulted in the deaths of close to 600 Palestinians, with additional fatalities caused by settler violence. On average, a Palestinian child has been killed every two days in the West Bank during this period.
By September 2024, the conflict had extended beyond Gaza to Lebanon, where Israel launched major airstrikes on southern regions, including the predominantly Shiite neighbourhoods of Beirut.
A prelude to the airstrikes were what has been called a game-changer for terrorism and warfare. Israeli intelligence booby-trapped everyday communication devices including pagers, mobile phones and Icom walkie-talkies, which are largely used by hospital staff. These devices were then detonated, all simultaneously. The explosions, which occurred on September 17 and 18, killed some Hezbollah members, but the majority of the 42 people killed were innocent civilians and children, and likewise for the thousands with life-altering injuries.
Israel then started airstrikes on Lebanon. These strikes killed over a thousand people and displaced over a million within the first few days. Israel also undertook a massive assassination campaign targeting top Hezbollah leaders, including the group’s leader, Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah. Nasrallah’s assassination prompted a response from Iran, which launched a retaliatory strike of about 200 ballistic missiles aimed at military targets. Not one civilian in Israel was killed from these strikes, which caused significant damage to various airbases and other military targets. It shows that precision targeting doesn’t have to involve the massacre of civilians and carpet-bombing of residential areas. The likelihood of a broader regional war involving multiple states and non-state actors is now much more likely.
Despite the military, political and mainstream media dominance of the Israeli Zionist narrative, we have witnessed an inspiring surge of public support for the Palestinian cause. Across the globe, Muslims and non-Muslims alike have taken to the streets in unprecedented numbers, their voices united in protest against the injustices being perpetrated. The digital realm, too, has become a battleground for truth, with millions rallying online to share information, express solidarity, and counter the narratives pushed by those who would seek to justify the unjustifiable. As is often said “all colonized people see themselves in Palestine … and all colonizers see themselves in Israel.”
This groundswell of support underscores a fundamental truth: the Palestinians are not merely victims, but an oppressed indigenous population fighting for their very existence against an imperialistic project. It is why the ethnic cleansing and persecution they face are not just crimes against humanity, but affronts to the very principles of justice and compassion that lie at the heart of Islam.
Al-Aqsa – the Heart of the Matter
The Al-Aqsa Mosque and Al-Haram Al-Sharif: A Target of Escalating Violations
Since August 2024, the Jerusalem Awqaf Department has repeatedly raised the alarm about the imminent threats facing the Blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque/Al-Haram Al-Sharif. Systematic provocations, particularly from extremist settlers, have intensified, particularly in the eastern part of the holy site, which is feared to be at risk of being converted into a Jewish synagogue. These provocations occur regularly, from Sunday to Thursday, and have escalated in both number and severity.
For over 1,400 years, Al-Aqsa Mosque/Al-Haram Al-Sharif has been an exclusively Muslim holy site, safeguarded under the Hashemite Custodianship. Since 1924, the Hashemite royal family has taken care of both Muslim and Christian holy sites in Jerusalem. The Jerusalem Awqaf Department operates under the Jordanian Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs, and emphasizes the importance of preserving the sanctity of Al-Aqsa for all Muslims worldwide. HM King Abdullah II ibn Al Hussein is the Custodian of Muslim and Christian holy sites in Jerusalem.
Despite the official custodianship and the clear legal frameworks in place, the Israeli occupation authorities continue to send conflicting messages. While publicly affirming the status quo of the holy sites to the international community, Israeli authorities are allowing extremist settlers to blatantly violate it. Jewish settlers routinely perform prayers, blow the Shofar, study the Talmud, and perform Jewish rituals inside the Al-Aqsa compound, accompanied by Israeli flags and Zionist songs, which violate the site’s legal status quo and its historical and religious standing.
These escalations are not isolated incidents. Settler gatherings, often loud and intimidating, occur frequently at night near Al-Aqsa’s gates, with particular focus on the Cotton Market Gate (Bab al-Qattanin), which is the closest gate to the Dome of the Rock. One such gathering on August 12, 2024, saw settlers attempting to breach the gates of the mosque.
The role of the Israeli police, as the de facto authority, has been particularly troubling. They restrict the entry of Muslims—especially young Palestinian men and visiting pilgrims—and have denied permits to over 30 Awqaf employees. Essential renovation projects are also being blocked under the pretext of protecting so-called “Temple Mount heritage,” with proposed Knesset laws threatening prison sentences for any unauthorized renovations. Such laws would not only undermine the historical role of the Jerusalem Awqaf but also change the religious fabric of the site, laying the groundwork for further Jewish claims over it.
The Israeli Ministry of Heritage has further exacerbated tensions by financing Talmudic tours, aimed at promoting Zionist narratives about Al-Aqsa Mosque. This initiative seeks to embed myths about the mosque in the minds of visitors, further distorting the historical truth. Israeli National Security Minister, Itamar Ben Gvir, has also made provocative visits to the mosque, where he publicly called for equal rights for Jews to pray there and even suggested the construction of a synagogue on the site.
Despite these provocations, Jordan remains firm in defending the historical status quo of Al-Aqsa Mosque /Al-Haram al-Sharif. The Jordanian Foreign Ministry has issued formal protests to Israel, condemning the violations and demanding that Israel cease its attempts to alter the historical and legal framework of Al-Aqsa. Organizations such as Ir Amim, an Israeli NGO focused on Jerusalem affairs, have released reports documenting the severity of these violations, warning that 2024 marks an unprecedented breach of the status quo at Al-Aqsa.
The international community and Muslim world must act swiftly to safeguard the sanctity of Al-Aqsa Mosque/Al-Haram Al-Sharif. The site remains not just a Palestinian or Jordanian concern, but a matter of significance for the entire Muslim Ummah.
Middle East and North Africa
Abraham Accords
The controversial Abraham Accords, which began in 2020 with the normalization of relations between Israel and several Arab states, continued to influence regional politics throughout the year. While proponents argue that these agreements pave the way for stability and economic cooperation, many in the Muslim world view them as a betrayal of the Palestinian cause. The United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Morocco, and Sudan have faced both internal and external pressure regarding their decisions to normalize relations with Israel. This has led to a complex realignment of alliances in the region, with some nations doubling down on their commitment to the accords, while others have shown hesitance in light of the ongoing situation in Gaza.
Gulf Economies
The oil-rich Gulf states have continued their efforts to diversify their economies away from fossil fuel dependence. Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 program, along with similar initiatives in other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, has led to significant social and economic reforms. These changes, including increased opportunities for women in the workforce and the development of non-oil sectors, have been met with both enthusiasm and concern within the Muslim world.
While many celebrate the economic progress and modernization, others worry about the preservation of Islamic values and traditions in the face of rapid change. This tension between progress and tradition reflects a broader debate within the ummah about how to navigate the challenges of the modern world while staying true to our Islamic principles.
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia has seen sweeping transformations in 2024, across political, economic, and societal spheres. The kingdom continues its departure from the strict ultraconservative Wahhabism that shaped its identity for decades, and is embracing a more open and dynamic societal model. This shift is evident in the cultural scene, where pop concerts featuring Western artists have become common, symbolizing the new social openness.
Politically, Saudi Arabia was perceived to be on the cusp of formalizing diplomatic relations with Israel, a monumental shift in regional dynamics. However, the ongoing war in Gaza has stalled the normalization process. Saudi Arabia has instead positioned itself as a key player in demanding an immediate ceasefire and the establishment of a Palestinian state. During the 2024 United Nations General Assembly, Saudi Arabia, alongside other Arab nations, led a coalition advocating for Palestinian sovereignty, underscoring its stance on the issue.
Economically, Vision 2030 remains central to Saudi Arabia’s future ambitions. The plan seeks to diversify the kingdom’s economy away from its dependence on oil. At its core is Neom, a futuristic city designed as a 170-kilometre linear structure, set to rise 500 meters above the ground, with zero carbon emissions. Despite being hailed as a revolutionary urban design, practical challenges have led to the initial phase being scaled down to a more manageable 2.5 kilometres by 2030. Foreign investment remains crucial for the realization of such ambitious projects, with Saudi Arabia actively seeking global partnerships.
The kingdom is also making strides in promoting Mada’in Saleh, the second-largest Nabatean site after Petra, as part of its bid to boost international tourism—a first for a nation traditionally closed to foreign visitors.
On the domestic front, unemployment among Saudi nationals dropped by 1.5% in 2024, reflecting policies aimed at replacing foreign workers with Saudi citizens in various sectors. This reduction is part of broader reforms targeting the workforce to foster self-sufficiency and reduce reliance on expatriates.
In the realm of international relations, while Saudi Arabia once enjoyed close ties with former U.S. President Trump, relations with the Biden administration have been more cautious. Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman notably rejected President Biden’s request to increase oil production following the global energy crisis triggered by the Russian invasion of Ukraine, signaling a more assertive and independent foreign policy.
These ongoing transformations highlight Saudi Arabia’s complex balancing act—reforming at home while navigating shifting geopolitical landscapes abroad.
The Ongoing Syrian Crisis and Refugee Situation
The Syrian conflict, now in its second decade, continues to be a source of immense suffering for millions of Muslims. While large-scale military operations have decreased, the humanitarian crisis persists. Millions of Syrian refugees in neighboring countries like Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan face uncertain futures, straining resources and testing the limits of the Islamic principles of hospitality and brotherhood.
The international community’s waning attention to this protracted crisis has placed an additional burden on Muslim-majority countries to support their Syrian brothers and sisters. This situation serves as a stark reminder of the need for long-term solutions to conflicts that displace millions and the importance of Islamic values in guiding our response to such crises.
Yemen
In Yemen, the devastating civil war, now entering its ninth year, continues to ravage the country. The conflict between the Saudi-led coalition and the Houthi rebels has resulted in one of the world’s worst humanitarian crises, with millions facing famine and disease. The peace process remains stalled, with both sides unwilling to compromise, and regional powers such as Iran and Saudi Arabia continuing to use Yemen as a proxy battlefield for their broader geopolitical rivalry. The people of Yemen remain the primary victims of this endless conflict, living under the constant threat of airstrikes, famine, and disease. Yemen’s support for Gaza has made it a target for USA, UK and Israeli airstrikes, all of whom have targeted the ports, power plants and other facilities.
Libya
Libya remains fractured, with rival factions vying for control of the country. The Government of National Unity (GNU) in Tripoli continues to struggle against the forces loyal to General Khalifa Haftar, who controls much of eastern Libya. The country remains deeply divided, with militias holding significant power and the central government weak and ineffective. The international community has largely turned its attention elsewhere, leaving Libya to spiral further into chaos. However, the country’s strategic location and vast oil reserves mean that it will remain a key player in regional geopolitics.
Iran
Over the past year, Iran has faced increasing pressure, particularly from Israel, which has seemingly sought to provoke the country into a broader conflict. Throughout 2024, Israel has intensified military actions aimed at targeting Iranian assets and its allies across the region. Israeli airstrikes have frequently targeted Iranian militias in Syria, aiming to weaken Tehran’s military presence in the country. These attacks, part of Israel’s “campaign between wars,” have been framed as necessary to curtail Iran’s expanding influence. The assassination of Iranian military commanders and the sabotage of Iran’s nuclear facilities through cyberattacks have only escalated the tension, with Israeli officials often remaining cryptic about their involvement while implying threats to Tehran’s.
A particularly crucial moment came when Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah, the leader of Hezbollah, was assassinated in September 2024 by Israeli airstrikes in Lebanon. Hezbollah, widely regarded as Iran’s most powerful proxy, has long been at the centre of Israel’s security concerns. The assassination sent shockwaves through the region and was viewed by many as a direct provocation toward Iran, given the deep strategic and ideological ties between Tehran and Hezbollah. The assassination of Ismail Haniyeh, Hamas’s chief negotiator, earlier in the year in Iran, added to the growing list of Iranian-aligned figures targeted by Israel. These assassinations have been seen by Iran as attacks on its regional influence and as moves designed to force Tehran into retaliatory action.
Despite facing numerous provocations, Iran had initially shown restraint in its military responses. However, on October 1, 2024, the situation escalated significantly when Iran launched an estimated 200 ballistic missiles targeting key military sites in Israel. The majority of these missiles bypassed Israel’s advanced defense systems, making direct impact with their intended military targets. Iran’s decision to retaliate in this manner marked a turning point in the ongoing conflict, showcasing its missile capabilities and significantly raising tensions in the region. The attack underscored Iran’s readiness to respond with force, following a prolonged period of caution amidst escalating hostilities.
The Unfolding Crisis in Sudan
Sudan continues to be gripped by an intense internal conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF). This conflict, which erupted in April 2023, has wreaked havoc on the country. By April 2024, the SAF had lost control of most of the capital, Khartoum, to the RSF. Despite ongoing international efforts to mediate peace, the war has escalated. In late September 2024, the Sudanese army launched a major offensive in Khartoum, further intensifying the 17-month civil war.
The humanitarian toll of this conflict is staggering. Nearly 26 million Sudanese—half the population—are suffering from acute food insecurity. Over 10.5 million people have become displaced refugees, forced to flee their homes due to the violence. For many months, the SAF blocked critical aid shipments via a crucial border crossing controlled by the RSF between Chad and Darfur, exacerbating the humanitarian crisis. However, in August 2024, the SAF agreed to resume allowing aid through this crossing. The RSF promised to facilitate delivery of aid in the areas it controls, though the effectiveness of these efforts remains uncertain.
The SAF has accused the RSF of looting humanitarian supplies, while also preventing aid from reaching the besieged city of El-Fasher in North Darfur. Conditions in Darfur are particularly dire. In August 2024, a group of UN-backed experts declared that famine conditions were present in the Zamzam camp, home to displaced people near El-Fasher. The camp’s residents face a severe shortage of food and basic supplies.
The war in Sudan has also been marred by widespread human rights abuses, particularly sexual violence. A UN inquiry revealed that, while both sides are guilty of atrocities, large-scale sexual violence was overwhelmingly committed by the RSF and its allied militias. These acts amount to serious violations of international law. The UN report also documented incidents of rape and threats of rape by members of the Sudanese army.
The conflict’s intractability is rooted in the sheer size and strength of the SAF and RSF, combined with a steady supply of weapons from international and regional Arab powers. The vast geography of Sudan complicates any military resolution, rendering a decisive victory for either side highly unlikely. Tragically, it is the Sudanese people who bear the brunt of this prolonged war, enduring unimaginable suffering in a seemingly endless cycle of violence and instability.
Sudan’s vast natural resources, including oil, gold, and fertile agricultural land, have played a significant role in fueling the conflict. The struggle for control over these resources has exacerbated tensions and complicated efforts at resolution. As Sudan’s conflict drags on, the international community continues to call for peace, but the path to a lasting solution remains uncertain, leaving millions in dire need of assistance.
Egypt, Ethiopia, and Somalia: A Complex Geopolitical Triangle
The geopolitical landscape in the Horn of Africa and its neighbouring regions was marked by intensifying disputes between Egypt, Ethiopia, and Somalia. A primary point of contention remains the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), a massive hydroelectric project on the Blue Nile River, which Ethiopia has been constructing since 2011. For Egypt, a country that relies on the Nile for 90% of its water needs, the dam is seen as an existential threat. Ethiopia, however, views GERD as crucial for its development, asserting its sovereign right to utilize the Nile’s resources.
The diplomatic dispute surrounding GERD reached new heights in 2024 as Ethiopia completed the fifth phase of filling the dam. Despite Egypt’s persistent objections and attempts to dissuade Ethiopia, the latter moved forward with filling the dam, fueling fears in Egypt about significant reductions in downstream water flow. Cairo has often hinted at the possibility of military action to protect its vital water resources, though it has so far focused on diplomatic and legal channels, including bringing the case to the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).
Tensions have been exacerbated by Ethiopia’s recent agreement with Somaliland, the self-declared breakaway region of Somalia. Ethiopia’s landlocked geography has made access to the sea a critical issue. In a significant development, Ethiopia secured a lease for access to the Berbera seaport on the Red Sea, in exchange for offering a stake in Ethiopian Airlines to Somaliland. This move not only enhances Ethiopia’s commercial reach but also positions it strategically along a crucial global shipping route near the Bab el-Mandeb Strait. By engaging Somaliland, Ethiopia is also implicitly recognizing Somaliland’s claims to independence from Somalia, an issue that has long been a point of contention in the region.
For Egypt, the Ethiopia-Somaliland pact poses additional challenges beyond GERD. The proximity of Ethiopia’s new base on the Red Sea raises concerns in Cairo, particularly the prospect of an Ethiopian military presence near the Bab el-Mandeb, a strategic chokepoint for global shipping and a vital passage for Egypt’s economic interests. This agreement has increased Egyptian fears of Ethiopia’s growing influence in the region and its potential control over critical maritime routes.
In response to these developments, Egypt has sought to bolster its ties with Somalia. A new security cooperation agreement signed between Egypt and Somalia allows for the deployment of two Egyptian brigades in Somali territory, a clear signal of Cairo’s intention to counter Ethiopia’s expanding regional footprint. Shortly after the agreement, Egypt dispatched military equipment to Somalia, marking the beginning of a deeper military presence. This move has raised eyebrows in Addis Ababa, where it is perceived as a direct pressure tactic by Egypt to strengthen its hand in the GERD negotiations.
The situation has also raised concerns about broader regional instability. Somalia, already grappling with the militant group Al-Shabaab, now faces new dynamics as Egyptian forces enter the scene, joining the existing African Union peacekeeping forces in the country. The deployment of Egyptian troops could create friction with Kenya, which has approximately 4,000 soldiers in Somalia and maintains strong relations with Ethiopia. The entrance of new foreign forces complicates an already fragile security landscape, with fears of a potential proxy conflict emerging between Egypt and Ethiopia, played out on Somali soil.
Sub-Saharan Africa
South Africa
In a landmark move, South Africa brought a case against Israel to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on December 29, 2023, accusing the state of genocide due to its actions in the Gaza Strip. The lawsuit followed the devastating events after October 7, 2023, when Israel launched a large-scale military offensive in response to attacks by Hamas. This offensive resulted in the deaths of at least 41,000 Palestinians within a year, with 90,000 injured, and countless civilians trapped under the rubble. The sheer scale of destruction and human loss prompted South Africa to pursue legal action, framing Israel’s actions as genocide under international law.
South Africa’s initiative to bring the case was pivotal because, as a non-state actor, Palestine could not bring Israel before the court directly. South Africa, which itself endured decades of Apartheid, invoked a long-standing solidarity with the Palestinian cause. Nelson Mandela had famously stated, “We South Africans cannot consider ourselves free until the Palestinian people are free,” underscoring the historic bond between the two struggles.
The case centers around Israel’s occupation, apartheid policies, and its 16-year blockade of Gaza, which South Africa argues violates the 1948 United Nations Genocide Convention, to which both Israel and South Africa are signatories. The ICJ, the highest legal body of the United Nations, was petitioned to take immediate action to stop Israel’s military campaign and to prevent further acts of genocide.
On January 11 and 12, 2024, two days of public hearings were held at the Peace Palace in The Hague* where South Africa presented its arguments. In a provisional ruling, the ICJ concluded that it was plausible that Israel’s actions in Gaza could amount to genocide, ordering provisional measures that required Israel to take all necessary steps to prevent acts of genocide. However, the ICJ stopped short of mandating a complete suspension of Israel’s military operations, a decision that drew criticism from humanitarian organizations and states supporting Palestine. The ICJ also expressed grave concern about the worsening humanitarian crisis in Gaza and the fate of hostages held by Hamas.
Despite these provisional measures, Israel did not comply, continuing its military campaign and further restricting the delivery of humanitarian aid to Gaza. By February 2024, organizations such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International issued statements accusing Israel of violating the ICJ’s orders, with Amnesty asserting that blocking the entry of essential aid amounted to war crimes.
The case has garnered international support, with several countries joining South Africa’s lawsuit. These include Türkiye, Nicaragua, Palestine, Spain, Mexico, Libya, and Colombia, alongside organizations like the Arab League and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). However, the case has faced political resistance, particularly from the United States, which dismissed the claims as “unfounded.”
Adding to the weight of the case, Israeli officials made inflammatory public statements, calling for the starvation of Palestinians and referencing Biblical analogies that some interpreted as justifications for genocide. Such rhetoric has amplified concerns about the complete dehumanization of the Palestinian people and intensified international outrage over the ongoing crisis.
The ICJ case marks a significant moment in the global discourse on Israel’s treatment of Palestinians, and while the legal proceedings may take years, the implications for international law and accountability are profound. South Africa’s case not only underscores the global moral and legal battle over Gaza but also reflects a wider call for justice and an end to impunity for violations of international humanitarian law.
Nigeria
Nigeria, home to Africa’s largest Muslim population, continues to grapple with complex issues at the intersection of religion, security, and governance. The ongoing threat posed by Boko Haram and its offshoots in the northeast remains a significant concern, not only for Nigeria but for the entire region. However, the past year has seen some progress in counter-insurgency efforts, with increased cooperation between the government and local communities.
The election of Bola Tinubu as president in 2023 brought both hope and controversy. As a Muslim southerner married to a Christian, his presidency has the potential to bridge some of the religious and regional divides that have long plagued Nigerian politics. However, allegations of electoral irregularities have cast a shadow over his mandate, highlighting the ongoing challenges to democratic consolidation in Africa’s most populous nation.
The implementation of Sharia law in some northern states continues to be a topic of debate, raising questions about the role of Islamic law in a multi-religious society. Muslim leaders and scholars in Nigeria are at the forefront of discussions on how to harmonize Islamic principles with the realities of a diverse, modern nation-state.
Mali and the Sahel
The Sahel region, particularly Mali, has faced ongoing security challenges from jihadist groups. The withdrawal of French forces and the increasing presence of Russian mercenaries have altered the security landscape, with implications for the broader Muslim world. Islamic leaders in the region have been vocal in condemning extremist violence, emphasizing that such actions are antithetical to the teachings of Islam.
The political situation in Mali remains fragile following the 2020 coup and subsequent transitions. Muslim civil society organizations have played a crucial role in advocating for a return to democratic governance while ensuring that Islamic values are respected in the political process.
Asia
India
In 2024, the lives of Muslims in India have been marked by increasing challenges under the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The rise of Hindu nationalism has continued to influence government policies and societal attitudes, leading to widespread marginalization and violence against the Muslim minority, who make up roughly 14% of India’s population.
Mob violence and lynchings of Muslims, often linked to accusations of cow slaughter or “love jihad” (a baseless conspiracy theory accusing Muslim men of converting Hindu women through marriage), have become more common. According to reports, incidents of vigilante justice carried out by self-proclaimed “cow protectors” and nationalist groups have not only led to deaths but have also fostered a culture of impunity, with perpetrators rarely facing legal consequences. Human Rights Watch and other organizations have documented a surge in hate crimes against Muslims, with law enforcement often failing to take adequate action.
Politically, anti-Muslim rhetoric has become more mainstream, with senior BJP leaders often making inflammatory statements. The environment has normalized hate speech against Muslims, fueling an atmosphere of fear and exclusion. In some cases, Muslim religious practices and symbols, such as the hijab, have been targeted. In Karnataka, for example, the banning of the hijab in schools in 2022 was upheld by courts, igniting protests across the country and raising concerns about religious freedoms.
In 2024, restrictions on the Muslim community’s mobility and freedom of expression have been observed, especially in areas like Jammu and Kashmir. Since the revocation of Article 370 in 2019, which stripped the region of its special autonomy, there have been sustained military crackdowns, arbitrary detentions, and communications blackouts, disproportionately affecting the region’s Muslim-majority population. The armed forces’ presence remains heavy, and incidents of human rights violations have been reported regularly.
Pakistan
Pakistan’s political scene remains volatile following the dismissal of Imran Khan, who once enjoyed immense public support. Khan’s Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) party saw mass protests after his removal, accusing the military and political rivals of orchestrating his ousting. His arrest in May 2023 and subsequent legal battles only added fuel to the fire, leading to widespread unrest across the country.
In 2024, the military’s pervasive role in politics remains a major issue. Despite nominal civilian leadership under the current government, real power continues to reside with the military establishment. This has led to increasing distrust between civilian leaders and the army, as well as scepticism from the public. Many believe that the military’s interference is stalling meaningful democratic progress, making governance less transparent and accountable.
Pakistan’s economic crisis has deepened in 2024, with inflation soaring to record levels, causing immense hardship for ordinary citizens. The country faces a near-unprecedented rise in prices of essential goods, driven by a combination of factors such as mismanagement, global economic pressures, and natural disasters. Food inflation has hit poor and middle-income families particularly hard, leading to widespread food insecurity. The government, grappling with financial challenges, has struggled to provide effective relief.
Pakistan’s foreign debt has reached staggering levels, forcing the government to turn to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for assistance. In 2024, the country is under immense pressure to implement tough economic reforms as part of a new IMF bailout package
Bangladesh
In 2024, Bangladesh witnessed a pivotal moment in its history with the ousting of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, leader of the Awami League, and the country’s longest-serving head of government (1996-2001, 2009-2024). Hasina’s tenure had been marked by both significant political control and controversy, with increasing discontent simmering across different sections of society. This year’s events were largely triggered by the reinstatement of a controversial policy regarding government job quotas, and the subsequent mass uprising led by students signalled a powerful shift in the nation’s political landscape.
The spark for the 2024 protests came from the government’s decision to reinstate the pre-2018 quota system, which reserved 30% of government jobs for the descendants of those who fought in the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 and for ethnic minorities. While this quota system was intended to recognize the contributions of freedom fighters, it was also viewed by many as unfairly skewed in favour of certain groups. The Supreme Court had previously scaled back the law but stopped short of abolishing it entirely, which left the door open for this year’s reinstatement.
The 2024 protests were not the first time students had risen up against the quota system. Similar protests took place in 2013 and 2018, but this year’s demonstrations reached a boiling point. By July, protests had escalated into a nationwide movement, with tens of thousands taking to the streets to voice their frustration not only over the quota issue but also against authoritarianism, corruption, and poor governance. Security forces responded with brutal force, leading to widespread clashes. Over 300 protesters were killed, and more than 20,000 were injured. One of the most notable incidents occurred in the town of Enayetpur, where 11 police officers were killed during clashes at a local police station.
As the protests swelled, the situation became untenable for Sheikh Hasina. On August 5, 2024, she fled to neighbouring India, marking the end of her lengthy rule. Her departure signified a profound shift in Bangladesh’s political climate and left a leadership vacuum that the student-led movement was quick to address.
In the aftermath of Hasina’s departure, the students called for Dr. Muhammad Yunus to be appointed as interim Prime Minister to oversee the transition and preparation for new elections. Yunus, an economist and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, is best known for founding Grameen Bank in 1976, a pioneering institution that introduced microfinance as a tool to alleviate poverty by offering small loans without collateral. Yunus’ model, which serves 10.6 million borrowers—97% of whom are women—has been replicated worldwide. With deep-rooted respect for his achievements and commitment to poverty reduction, the movement viewed Yunus as the ideal figure to guide the nation during this turbulent period.
Dr. Yunus was sworn in as Chief Advisor of the interim government three days after Sheikh Hasina’s resignation. His appointment offered a glimmer of hope to a nation burdened by political instability, poverty, and economic dependency. Bangladesh remains one of the poorest countries globally, and despite some progress over the years, it continues to face deep structural challenges. One such issue is the country’s garment industry, which employs around 4 million workers and accounts for 82% of the nation’s exports. For years, these workers endured inhumane working conditions in sweatshops. The collapse of the Rana Plaza factory in 2013, which claimed over 1,000 lives and injured 2,500 more, brought international attention to these abuses. While some reforms were made in the aftermath of that tragedy, the industry remains plagued by unsafe conditions and low wages.
In addition to its internal challenges, Bangladesh also grapples with the ongoing Rohingya refugee crisis. The country hosts approximately one million Rohingya refugees, most of whom fled persecution in Myanmar’s Rakhine State in 2017. These refugees reside primarily in the Cox’s Bazar region, where they are heavily reliant on international humanitarian aid. Despite these efforts, the Rohingya refugees face increasing violence and exploitation by criminal gangs. Bangladesh’s authorities have struggled to protect the refugees, many of whom are living in deplorable conditions as they await the possibility of repatriation.
The humanitarian challenges in Bangladesh are exacerbated by the country’s vulnerability to natural disasters, which frequently disrupt development efforts. The year 2024 has been no exception, with floods, cyclones, and other natural calamities striking various regions. For a country with such a large population—174 million, plus the million-strong Rohingya population—the pressure on resources, infrastructure, and governance is immense.
Dr. Yunus faces a formidable task in stabilizing the nation, restoring confidence in its institutions, and preparing for free and fair elections. With a population eager for change and students playing a central role in the demand for reform, Bangladesh stands at a critical crossroads. The year 2024 will undoubtedly be remembered as a turning point in the nation’s history, as it marks the end of Hasina’s authoritarian rule and the beginning of a new chapter led by a figure renowned for his commitment to economic empowerment and social justice.
China
The persecution of Uyghur Muslims in China’s Xinjiang region continues to be one of the most pressing human rights crises of our time. Over the past several years, credible reports have revealed the Chinese government’s systematic efforts to repress Uyghur culture, religion, and identity. These efforts include mass detention in so-called “re-education camps,” forced labour, surveillance, and forced assimilation, with the ultimate goal of eradicating Uyghur cultural and religious expression. This campaign has sparked global outcry, with various human rights organizations, journalists, and survivors documenting evidence of widespread abuses.
In Xinjiang, more than a million Uyghur Muslims are believed to have been detained in camps, where they reportedly face indoctrination, forced renunciation of their religious beliefs, and even physical and psychological abuse. Forced labour is another key aspect of the repression, with Uyghurs reportedly coerced into working in factories under harsh conditions, producing goods such as textiles and electronics that are then exported globally. Women have also been subjected to forced sterilizations, as part of a broader effort to reduce the Uyghur population.
The Chinese government’s persecution is not limited to physical repression; it also includes a deliberate campaign to undermine Uyghur culture. Traditional Uyghur practices, such as speaking the Uyghur language and observing Islamic customs, have been restricted. Mosques have been demolished, and the Chinese Communist Party has attempted to co-opt religious figures to propagate state-approved interpretations of Islam that align with the government’s agenda. The Chinese government frames these policies as part of its counterterrorism efforts, but the scale and nature of the actions suggest a broader objective of cultural genocide.
Despite the gravity of the situation, the Muslim world’s response has largely been muted. Many Muslim-majority countries have chosen to maintain silence or even express support for China’s policies, prioritizing economic and diplomatic ties over human rights concerns. China’s Belt and Road Initiative, which involves significant investments and infrastructure projects in many Muslim-majority countries, is a key factor influencing this response. For example, countries like Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Egypt have been reluctant to condemn China’s actions, instead focusing on strengthening their economic partnerships with Beijing.
Europe
Türkiye
One of the most significant moves by Türkiye was its formal application to join BRICS. This shift comes amid the backdrop of Türkiye’s frustration with the EU’s stalling of membership talks, alongside its growing geopolitical and economic interests aligning with BRICS nations, particularly as a member of the G20 and the 17th largest economy globally. Its rapid economic growth has continued despite internal struggles, making it an increasingly important player in global economic dynamics.
On the geopolitical front, Türkiye remains a crucial NATO ally, even while balancing delicate relations with Russia and supporting Sweden’s NATO membership bid in 2024. This aligns it more closely with Western interests, despite its complex relationship with Western powers. However, Türkiye’s support for Azerbaijan in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and its continued military operations against Kurdish militants in Iraq and Syria highlight its independent regional agenda. These military actions have been a key aspect of Turkish foreign policy, with Türkiye viewing the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) as a significant security threat.
Türkiye’s stance against Israel included suspending all trade with Israel. Additionally, it joined South Africa in a lawsuit at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to accuse Israel of genocide, further demonstrating its leadership in condemning the violence in Gaza.
Domestically, Türkiye also faced significant challenges in managing the presence of approximately 4 million Syrian refugees. In a reflection of growing tensions, anti-Syrian riots erupted in the Kayseri region, prompting a swift response from Turkish authorities.
Muslim Minorities in European Countries
Across Europe in 2024, Islamophobia and xenophobia have surged, creating a hostile environment for Muslim communities. Far-right political movements have gained traction, exacerbating tensions and fueling anti-Muslim sentiment. The rise of these populist parties has translated into discriminatory policies and increasing acts of violence, with Muslims and their places of worship frequently targeted.
In countries such as France, Austria, and Germany, far-right parties have made significant electoral gains by capitalizing on fears related to immigration, security, and cultural identity. In France, Marine Le Pen’s National Rally continues to promote a staunchly anti-Islamic agenda, contributing to the political discourse that seeks to ban the hijab and restrict the building of mosques. Austria saw the Freedom Party (FPÖ), known for its anti-Muslim rhetoric, gain support in local and national elections. These far-right movements have normalized Islamophobic narratives, which argue that Muslims threaten European identity and values.
This rise in far-right influence has resulted in policies that directly target Muslim communities. For instance, in France, laws banning religious symbols in schools, such as the hijab, have made it difficult for Muslim women to balance their religious obligations with their rights to public participation. Similarly, Austria’s “Islam Map,” which publicly listed mosques and Islamic organizations, has been widely criticized as an invasion of privacy and a potential catalyst for targeted attacks.
The rise of far-right political movements has been accompanied by an alarming spike in hate crimes against Muslims across Europe. In the UK, tensions reached a boiling point in 2024 with riots targeting mosques. In Leicester and Birmingham, mosques were attacked during waves of anti-Muslim demonstrations, where far-right groups exploited social unrest. These attacks on religious centres have left Muslim communities feeling increasingly vulnerable and unsafe, particularly in places that have historically been multicultural.
In Germany, there were multiple incidents in which far-right extremists attacked mosques. In early 2024, arson attempts on mosques in Berlin and Hamburg shocked the nation. These incidents were part of a broader trend of hate crimes against Muslims, which saw a marked increase during the year. According to a report published by the German Ministry of the Interior, hate crimes targeting Muslims rose by nearly 20%, with many involving physical assaults, vandalism of mosques, and harassment of women wearing the hijab.
This rise in Islamophobic violence reflects a broader societal shift, where Muslim communities are increasingly perceived as “outsiders” or even security threats, despite the fact that many have been integral to European society for generations.
Despite these obstacles, Muslim communities across Europe have demonstrated resilience and a growing sense of civic engagement. Organizations such as the Collective Against Islamophobia in France (CCIF) and the Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) have been at the forefront of challenging Islamophobic policies and providing legal support to victims of hate crimes. In Austria, local Muslim leaders have actively advocated against the “Islam Map,” working to protect their community from discrimination and stigma.
North America
American Muslims continue to face significant levels of Islamophobia in 2024, driven in part by lingering biases from the post-9/11 era and more recent political rhetoric that frames Islam as a security threat. Hate crimes against Muslims have persisted, and many report being subjected to discriminatory practices in schools, workplaces, and public spaces. In particular, the rise of far-right movements and political figures who propagate anti-Muslim sentiments has worsened feelings of alienation within the community.
As the 2024 presidential election approaches, American Muslims find themselves facing a complex dilemma: neither major political party fully addresses the concerns of the Muslim community. On the one hand, the Democratic Party, with its progressive wing, tends to support policies promoting religious freedom, diversity, and social justice, which resonates with many Muslim voters. However, the Democrats support of the Israeli genocide has left American Muslims feeling disillusioned.
On the other hand, the Republican Party, which traditionally emphasizes religious freedom and conservative values, has in recent years become associated with more hardline stances on immigration, national security, and counterterrorism—issues that disproportionately impact Muslims. The Republican rhetoric around “radical Islamic terrorism” during the 2016 and 2020 elections, along with policies such as the 2017 Muslim Ban, have alienated many Muslim voters. Though some Republican candidates have distanced themselves from overt Islamophobic language in 2024, the lingering association with policies perceived as hostile to Muslims makes it difficult for the community to rally behind them.
American Muslims are deeply concerned about preserving their civil liberties in the face of rising Islamophobia and discriminatory policies. The Patriot Act and its surveillance programs, which disproportionately targeted Muslims after 9/11, remain fresh in the collective memory of the community. In 2024, the expansion of digital surveillance and facial recognition technologies, combined with ongoing racial and religious profiling, is a key issue for Muslim voters.
Immigration continues to be a major concern for American Muslims, many of whom are immigrants or have close ties to immigrant communities. The Trump-era Muslim Ban and its consequences still resonate. While the Biden administration rolled back some of these policies, the fear of their reintroduction under a future Republican government keeps immigration reform high on the priority list for Muslim voters.
U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East and broader Muslim world continues to be a critical issue. Many American Muslims feel that the U.S. has played a role in destabilizing regions like Afghanistan, Iraq, and Palestine, leaving Muslim populations to suffer the consequences. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is particularly sensitive. Despite broad American Muslim support for Palestinian rights, there is a growing sense of disillusionment with the U.S.’s failure to play an even-handed role in peace negotiations. Candidates’ stances on human rights violations in places like China (Uyghurs), India (Muslim minority persecution), and Myanmar (Rohingya crisis) will heavily influence how Muslims vote.
As the 2024 election looms, American Muslims are grappling with a sense of political disillusionment. Neither major party fully addresses their multifaceted concerns, and the political landscape is fraught with difficult choices. The Muslim community is increasingly vocal and politically active, but the challenge remains to find candidates who can represent their interests, not only in terms of domestic civil rights but also on the global stage.
Conclusion
The past year has been a tumultuous and devastating one for the Muslim world, marked by escalating conflicts and humanitarian crises that have captured global attention. The ongoing genocide in Gaza, where Israeli forces have unleashed widespread destruction, killing tens of thousands of civilians and targeting essential infrastructure, has brought the region to the brink of catastrophe. The Israeli invasion of Lebanon, combined with the relentless bombing of Syria, has added layers of instability to an already volatile Middle East, dragging these countries into deeper conflict and further straining their civilian populations.
Iran, after exercising restraint, launched a significant retaliatory strike on Israel in October, with hundreds of ballistic missiles striking military targets. This escalation raised the spectre of a broader regional war that could easily extend beyond the Middle East. With Russia’s involvement in supporting Syria and aligning with Iran, the geopolitical landscape has grown increasingly complex, signalling the potential for a wider conflict with global repercussions. The intersections of these events have underscored the precariousness of peace in the region and highlighted the urgent need for diplomatic interventions. The stakes have never been higher, and the resilience and leadership of influential figures in the Muslim world will be crucial in navigating the uncertain and dangerous road ahead.
Professor Abu Sway frequently lectures globally as well as in the heart of Jerusalem, Palestine, at Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa. He is a member of Hashemite Fund for the Restoration of Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock, the Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought, and the Islamic Waqf Council in Jerusalem. He is author of three books on Imam Al-Ghazali: Islamic Epistemology: The Case of Al-Ghazali, Fatawa Al-Ghazali (Arabic) and A Treasury of Al-Ghazali.